Submit to BMT
Cite this article
27
Download
560
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Synthesis of kohlrabi seed extract-based silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial and anticancer activities

Kawther A. Khalaph1* ,  Sarab Hussein Khaleel1 ,  Qabas A. Mohammed1 ,  Bdoor Satar Albhadly2
Show Less
1 Department of Physiology, Medical College, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Department of Molecular Biologyi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetics Research, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
BMT, 172 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00172
Submitted: 4 September 2025 | Revised: 18 December 2025 | Accepted: 19 January 2026 | Published: 17 March 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in biomedical applications, and an eco-friendly approach to their synthesis is required. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesized using kohlrabi seed extract as a natural reducing and capping agent to reduce silver ions (Ag+) to the metallic form. The optical, structural, and morphological properties of AgNPs were characterized using techniques such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. UV–vis spectra indicated a well-defined surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm, and X-ray diffraction analysis estimated an average crystallite size of 26.7 nm, while FESEM was used to examine the particle morphology and aggregation. Cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was assessed using the crystal violet dye in the AMJ13 breast cancer cell line. This revealed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, with 68% growth inhibition of AMJ13 cells at 1 μg/mL. This study signifies the potential of AgNPs mediated by kohlrabi seed extract as multifunctional nanomaterials with measurable antibacterial activity and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against AMJ13 cells under the experimental conditions used in this study.

Keywords
Silver nanoparticles
AMJ13
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The researchers confirm that no conflicts of interest could affect the content of this work.
References
[1]
  1. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Rab S, Suman R. Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: A brief review. Glob Heal J. 2023;7(2):70-77. doi: 10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008

 

  1. Abdalameer NK, Ghdeeb NJ, Khalaph KA, Taha Y. Eco-friendly fabrication of selenium oxide nanoparticles by low-temperature plasma technique and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Eur Phys J D. 2025;79(1):7. doi: 10.1140/epjd/s10053-025-00952-9

 

  1. Roy A, Elzaki A, Tirth V, et al. Biological synthesis of nanocatalysts and their applications. Catalysts. 2021;11(12):1494. doi: 10.3390/catal11121494

 

  1. Meher A, Tandi A, Moharana S, et al. Silver nanoparticle for biomedical applications: A review. Hybrid Adv. 2024;6(2):100184. doi: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2024.100184

 

  1. Naseer A, Ali A, Ali S, et al. Biogenic and eco-benign synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) using plants aqueous extracts and biological derivatives: Environmental, biological and catalytic applications. J Mater Res Technol. 2020;9(4):9093-9107. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.013

 

  1. Rauf S, Hameed H, Tariq M, et al. Phytochemical‐mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Mirabilis jalapa leaf extract and their antibacterial. Microsc Res Tech. 2025;88(6):1795-1805. doi: 10.1002/jemt.24801

 

  1. Ayub A, Wani AK, Malik SM, et al. Green nanoscience for healthcare: Advancing biomedical innovation through eco-synthesized nanoparticle. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2025;47:e00913. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00913

 

  1. Jung HA, Karki S, Ehom NY, Yoon MH, Kim EJ, Choi JS. Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of green and red kohlrabi cultivars (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2014;19(4):281-290. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.281

 

  1. Ioele G, Chieffallo M, Occhiuzzi MA, et al. Anticancer drugs: Recent strategies to improve stability profile, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5436. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175436

 

  1. Peña M, Guzmán A, Martínez R, et al. Preventive effects of Brassicaceae family for colon cancer prevention: A focus on in vitro studies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;151:113145. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113145

 

  1. Al-Shammari AM, Alshami MA, Umran MA, et al. Establishment and characterization of a receptor-negative, hormone-nonresponsive breast cancer cell line from an Iraqi patient. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2015;7:223-230. doi: 10.2147/bctt.s74509

 

  1. Ibraheem S, Kadhim AA, Kadhim KA, Kadhim IA, Jabir M. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as diagnostic tool for cancer cells. Int J Biomater. 2022;2022:2807644. doi: 10.1155/2022/2807644

 

  1. Abdalameer NK, Khalaph KA, Ali EM. Ag/AgO nanoparticles: Green synthesis and investigation of their bacterial inhibition effects. Mater Today Proc. 2021;45:5788-5792. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.166

 

  1. Khalid Z, Javed A, Alyas T, et al. Biosynthesis, structural characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using an eco-friendly method with Mentha spicata L. Extract and their antimicrobial activity and toxicological risk assessment. Results Chem. 2024;7:101487. doi: 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101487

 

  1. Abdalameer NK, Khalaph KA, Jafar AM. Synthesis of ZnO, SnO2, (ZnSnO3) perovskite structure by chemical method and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Eur Phys J Plus. 2025;140(4):294. doi: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06233-z

 

  1. Kitson FG, Larsen BS, McEwen CN. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry A Practical Guide. California: Academic Press; 1996.

 

  1. Capelli D, Scognamiglio V, Montanari R. Surface plasmon resonance technology: Recent advances, applications and experimental cases. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2023;163:117079. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117079

 

  1. Lobregas MOS, Bantang JPO, Camacho DH. Carrageenan-stabilized silver nanoparticle gel probe kit for colorimetric sensing of mercury (II) using digital image analysis. Sens Bio-Sensing Res. 2019;26:100303. doi: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100303

 

  1. Akhtar W, Hamza MI, Qayyum S, et al. Phyto-synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles from mint leaf extract and its evaluation in antimicrobial and pharmacological applications. BMC Plant Biol. 2025;25(1):1072. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07043-2

 

  1. Khodadadi B, Bordbar M, Yeganeh-Faal A, Nasrollahzadeh M. Green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles/clinoptilolite using Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit extract and its excellent catalytic activity for reduction of organic dyes. J Alloys Compd. 2017;719:82-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.135

 

  1. Fahim M, Shahzaib A, Nishat N, Jahan A, Bhat TA, Inam A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A comprehensive review of methods, influencing factors, and applications. JCIS Open. 2024;16:100125. doi: 10.1016/j.jciso.2024.100125

 

  1. Villagrán Z, Anaya-Esparza LM, Velázquez-Carriles CA, et al. Plant-based extracts as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents for the green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. Resources. 2024;13(6):70. doi: 10.3390/resources13060070

 

  1. Goodarzi V, Zamani H, Bajuli L, Moradshahi A. Evaluation of antioxidant potential and reduction capacity of some plant extracts in silver nanoparticles’ synthesis. Mol Biol Res Commun. 2014;3(3):165-174.

 

  1. Mikhailova EO. Green silver nanoparticles: An antibacterial mechanism. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;14(1):5. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14010005

 

  1. Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Hedberg Y, et al. Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles -- importance of the metal release process. Toxicology. 2013;313(1):59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.012
Share
Back to top
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept