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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Phosphate and citric acid cross-linked modification of Jackfruit seed starch: Exploring disintegration efficiency and safety

Sfurti S. Sakhare1 ,  Kishor B. Burade2 ,  Amol S. Shete3*
BMT, 146 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00146
Submitted: 15 August 2025 | Revised: 19 January 2026 | Accepted: 29 January 2026 | Published: 14 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

This study investigates the potential of jackfruit seed starch (JFSS) from the Western Ghats of Maharashtra as a sustainable pharmaceutical excipient. The objectives were to isolate and modify JFSS through phosphorylation and cross-linking with citric acid, characterize the modified starch, and evaluate its efficacy as a tablet disintegrant. The isolation yielded a 12.5% starch recovery from jackfruit seeds. The modified starches exhibited notable changes in physicochemical properties. Solid-state characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful introduction of phosphate and carboxyl groups, whereas differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated the thermal stability of the modified starch. All starches exhibited a type-A powder X-ray diffraction pattern, with modified JFSS samples showing reduced crystallinity compared to isolated starch, correlating with enhanced disintegration performance. The modified starches were evaluated in tablet formulations, where they reduced disintegration time compared to sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, and other starches. Elemental analysis confirmed the incorporation of phosphorus and citric acid residues, further validating the modifications. Oral toxicity studies in mice over a 14-day period showed no adverse effects, confirming the non-toxic nature of the modified JFSS. In conclusion, modified JFSS offers significant potential as a pharmaceutical excipient, with superior disintegration performance and safety.

Keywords
Jackfruit
Starch
Excipient
Superdisintegrant
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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