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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Magnesium/sodium co-doping enhances hemocompatibility and antibacterial properties of hydroxyapatite bone graft

Maria Apriliani Gani1,2* ,  Putu Diah Apri Anjalikha1 ,  Timothy Sugito1 ,  Siti Farah Rahmawati1 ,  Ratih Lestari3 ,  I. Ketut Adnyana1
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1 Department of Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
2 Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Center, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
3 Research Center for Nanotechnology System, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten 15314, Indonesia
BMT, 191 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00191
Submitted: 22 September 2025 | Revised: 22 March 2026 | Accepted: 24 March 2026 | Published: 25 May 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

Human bone is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) with magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) as trace elements. This study aims to investigate the individual and combined effects of Mg and Na doping in HA to better mimic human bone and to evaluate its biological activity. Mg–Na–HA was synthesized by chemical precipitation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. An assay using simulated body fluid was performed to examine ion release and the materials’ potential charge. Biological assessments were performed using MC3T3-E1 cells for cytotoxicity and osteopontin (OPN) protein level assessments, as well as antibacterial and hemocompatibility evaluations. Characterizations confirmed the successful formation of HA with a hexagonal structure, particle size of approximately 100 nm, and the presence of Mg and Na in the doped materials. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that Mg–Na–HA exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, attributed to the combined ionic effects. Assessments using MC3T3-E1 cells confirmed the material’s biocompatibility and showed that Mg–Na–HA significantly increased OPN protein level relative to HA. Moreover, hemocompatibility testing revealed that all co-doped materials induced <20% hemolysis, with Na–HA and Mg–Na– HA showing excellent compatibility, inducing <5% hemolysis. Mg–Na–HA is biocompatible and shows strong potential as a bone graft material, offering enhanced osteogenic and antibacterial properties to improve bone regeneration and prevent infections.

Keywords
Bone implant
Bone scaffold
Bone regeneration
Biocompatibility
Bioactive material
Human bone
Funding
This work is financially supported by the Hibah Dosen Tidak Tetap Peneliti 2024 program, managed by the Directorate for Multidisciplinary Science and Technology Implementation (DPITM), Institut Teknologi Bandung, and funded by the DAPT EQUITY Program, Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), and the Ministry of Finance, Indonesia. This research is also funded by the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) on behalf of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, and is managed under the EQUITY Program (Contract No. 4298/ B3/DT.03.08/2025).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.
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