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REVIEW
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Recent advances in mitochondrial transplantation to treat disease

Xiangling Li1,2 ,  Yanjun Guan1 ,  Chaochao Li1 ,  Haofeng Cheng1,3,4 ,  Jun Bai1 ,  Jinjuan Zhao1 ,  Yu Wang1,3* ,  Jiang Peng1*
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1 Institute of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
2 Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
3 Co-Innovation Centre of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
4 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
BMT 2025 , 6(1), 4–23; https://doi.org/10.12336/biomatertransl.2025.01.002
Submitted: 14 March 2024 | Revised: 20 May 2024 | Accepted: 5 September 2024 | Published: 25 March 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Mitochondrial transplantation (MT), an innovative regenerative technique widely used to treat diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, shows great promise for clinical application. This procedure can increase the number of mitochondria and improve the function of damaged mitochondria, resulting in increased adenosine triphosphate levels, decreased reactive oxygen species production, improved Ca2+ buffering capacity, modulated inflammatory response, and reduced apoptosis to protect cells, thus promoting tissue repair. In this review, we describe research advances in MT over the last five years, focusing on its application in treating various diseases, including ischaemic injuries (of the kidney, heart, lung, and liver), neurodegenerative disorders, spinal cord injury, sepsis, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and ultraviolet radiation injuries, as well as in procedures such as organ transplantation, focusing on instances where MT demonstrated good efficacy. We also cover the application of engineered mitochondria and mitochondrial combination therapies and present the latest advances in improving MT efficiency, as well as the current clinical applications and shortcomings of MT, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for enhanced MT utilisation in the future.

Keywords
cardiovascular diseases
ischaemia/reperfusion injury
mitochondrial dysfunctio
mitochondrial transplantation
neurodegenerative diseases
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32171356).
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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