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REVIEW
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Functionalization and rehabilitation applications of sodium alginate-based hydrogels

Zixuan Meng1# ,  Xinpeng Wang2#* ,  Yingying He3 ,  Kangming Tian1* ,  Jinlai Miao3* ,  Yubo Fan2,4
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1 Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
2 Biomechanics and Health Engineering Laboratory, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
3 Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, China
4 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
BMT, 00006 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00006
Submitted: 12 February 2025 | Revised: 23 March 2025 | Accepted: 24 March 2025 | Published: 8 May 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Sodium alginate (SA)-based hydrogels, derived from SA, are a class of polymer hydrogels that have garnered significant attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, eco-friendly production processes, and the abundance and cost-effectiveness of their raw materials. These hydrogels hold vast potential for applications across multiple fields, such as biomedical engineering, flexible sensors, food science, and environmental management. To enhance and diversify their functional capabilities, the functionalization of SA-based hydrogels has become a focal point of research. This study provides a comprehensive review of the field, starting with a systematic summary of the functional preparation methods of SA-based hydrogels developed in recent years. These methods encompass physical and chemical modification techniques, which are crucial for tailoring the properties of the hydrogels to specific applications. Physical modification is typically achieved by mixing with nanomaterials, natural materials, and polymer materials through physical interaction forces, whereas chemical modification is mainly obtained through oxidation, sulfonation, and graft polymerization. The main applications of SA-based hydrogels are also reviewed, including those applied in flexible detection, tissue engineering, food, and water treatment, offering a detailed comparative analysis of their performance in these areas. Finally, the study looks ahead to future research and development prospects of SA-based hydrogels, aiming to drive further advancements in their functional development and expand their application scope. By thoroughly analyzing current research and future directions, this paper seeks to stimulate continued innovation and practical applications of SA-based hydrogels. 

Keywords
Sodium alginate
Hydrogel
Functionalization
Biomedical engineering
Funding
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52405315, No. 42176130), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2024QE197), the Research Start-up Funds for Recruited Talents of University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (KWXZ 2023026) and Funded with the Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory (QDSHYTRCWYJKF 2024-01).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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