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REVIEW
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Advancements in physical therapy for osteoporosis treatment

Lingli Zhang1# ,  Yuan Zhang1# ,  Ruixi Chi2,3 ,  Rui Ji2 ,  Bo Hu4* ,  Bo Gao2*
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1 Department of Sports Science Teaching, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
3 Basic Medical Sciences Academy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
4 Section of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
BMT, 00007 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00007
Submitted: 13 February 2025 | Revised: 16 April 2025 | Accepted: 30 April 2025 | Published: 28 May 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Osteoporosis (OP) is a ubiquitous metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture. One of its most serious complications, fractures, can induce substantial functional disabilities in patients and are associated with chronic health issues, thereby imposing both medical and economic burdens. At present, the predominant therapeutic approaches for OP include pharmacotherapy and physical therapy (PT). While pharmacotherapy has proven effective, it is not without its drawbacks, such as prolonged treatment durations and adverse effects due to medication. PT, also referred to as physiotherapy, stands out as the most cost-effective alternative treatment for OP. PT involves the application of natural or artificial physical agents, such as sound, light, cold, heat, electricity, and mechanical forces (including motion and pressure), to non-invasively and non-pharmacologically treat local or systemic dysfunctions or pathologies. Its objective is to restore the body’s inherent physiological functions. PT offers a diverse array of treatment options for patients with OP who are unsuitable for surgery or for whom surgical intervention is not viable. This review investigates the feasibility of identifying appropriate PT methods tailored to the needs of individuals with OP, with the intent of providing a scientific foundation for improved clinical practice.

Keywords
Osteoporosis
Physical therapy
Physiotherapy
Mechanisms
Funding
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82222046, 82172475), the Key Industry Innovation Chain Project of Key R&D Program in Shaanxi Province (2024SF-ZDCYL-04-03), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance (Shanghai University of Sport) (11DZ2261100).
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest associated with the publication of this manuscript, with the institutions or products mentioned in the text, or with commercial interests that compete with the products described in the text.
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