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COMMENTARY

Integrating nanomedicine and immunotherapy: Bacterial membrane–derived vesicle-encapsulated prodrug assemblies for chronic infections

Xinnan Zhong1# ,  Jiaqi Chen1# ,  Yijun Li2 ,  Zilin Zhou1 ,  Jiyao Li1 ,  Jun Luo3* ,  Jiaojiao Yang1*
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1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
3 Department of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
BMT, 153 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00153
Submitted: 20 August 2025 | Revised: 6 November 2025 | Accepted: 18 November 2025 | Published: 17 December 2025
© 2025 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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