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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Multifunctional 3D-printed PLLA/PVA/ silver-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite membrane for guided bone regeneration

Muhammad Hidayat Syahruddin1,2 ,  Dyah Irnawati3 ,  Natalia Beshchasna4 ,  Rahmi Anggraeni5,6 ,  Ika Dewi Ana2,6,7*
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1 Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Centre of Excellence for Carbonate Apatite-based Extracellular Matrix and Adjuvant, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3 Department of Dental Biomaterials Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4 Department of Bio- and Nanotechnology, Group of Biodegradation and Nanofunctionalisation, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems-Materials Diagnostics, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
5 Research Centre for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong Science Centre, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
6 Research Collaboration Centre for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
7 Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
BMT, 225 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00225
Submitted: 13 November 2025 | Revised: 20 May 2026 | Accepted: 21 May 2026 | Published: 10 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

Periodontitis, a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease, is characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Guided bone regeneration (GBR), a proven surgical technique, employs barrier membranes to facilitate bone regeneration by preventing soft-tissue infiltration. To address the limitations of conventional membranes, this study integrated a three-dimensional (3D)-printed poly-L-lactic acid (3DP PLLA) mesh coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and varied concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 wt%) of silver-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite (Ag-CHA). The composite membrane was synthesized through a multistage process combining fused deposition modeling, 3D printing, and phase separation, and was subjected to comprehensive in vitro characterization. This assessment included the membrane’s physicochemical, mechanical, biodegradation, and bioactivity properties, as well as its antibacterial efficacy against five periodontitis-associated pathogens and biocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. Importantly, the Ag-CHA concentration was found to significantly influence the membrane’s overall performance. The synthesis process yielded no cross-contamination, ensuring the integrity of each formulation. The 3DP PLLA/PVA/Ag-CHA2 membrane demonstrated the most favorable results, exhibiting robust dimensional stability, controlled biodegradation, and strong bioactivity. It also showed a superior synergistic balance between potent antibacterial efficacy and high in vitro biocompatibility. Leveraging a hybrid fabrication strategy was a novel and effective approach for producing scaffolds with finely tuned architectural and functional characteristics. The 3DP PLLA/PVA/Ag-CHA2 membrane emerged as the most promising candidate for a next-generation GBR material, demonstrating a compelling combination of key properties required for successful periodontal regeneration.

Keywords
Composite membranes
Guided tissue regeneration
Regeneration
Silver
Three-dimensional printing
Tissue engineering
Funding
This study was supported by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology - Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, through the Pendidikan Magister Menuju Doktor untuk Sarjana Unggul (PMDSU) Batch VI grant (Contract Numbers: 008/E5/PG.02.00/PL.PMDSU/2024 and 2061/UN1/DITLIT/ PT.01.03/2024). This prototype is currently undergoing validation for clinical translation with support from RIKUB (Riset Konsorsium Unggulan Berdampak) under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, through grant numbers 011/C3/DT.05.00/ RIKUB/2025 and 4031/UN1/DITLIT/Dit-Lit/PT.01.03/2025.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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