Submit to BMT
Cite this article
7
Download
247
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW

Current trends of biomaterials for tympanic membrane reconstruction

Tatiana N. Gribinichenko1* ,  Snezhana A. Glebskaia1 ,  Ksenia S. Rubalskaia1 ,  Mayya V. Uspenskaya2,3 ,  Roman O. Olekhnovich1,2
Show Less
1 Center for Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), Saint Petersburg, Russia
2 Department of Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
3 Institute of Civil Engineering, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
BMT, 142 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00142
Submitted: 10 August 2025 | Revised: 24 May 2026 | Accepted: 8 June 2026 | Published: 1 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations can lead to recurrent middle-ear infections, reduced quality of life, and conductive hearing loss. Repair should not be limited to anatomical closure. The reconstructed membrane should also restore barrier function and preserve sound transmission. TM reconstruction represents both a regenerative and an acoustic–biomechanical challenge. This review systematizes biomaterials used or under development for TM reconstruction. The materials are compared using a design-oriented framework. This framework includes biological performance, mechanical and acoustic compatibility, degradation and stability, surgical handling, and translational readiness. The review encompasses tissue-derived grafts, acellular matrices, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite scaffold systems. Autologous grafts remain the mainstay of routine TM reconstruction. Temporalis fascia and auricular cartilage are particularly widely used. These materials are well-tolerated and familiar to surgeons. They have several limitations, including donor-site trauma, variable thickness and stiffness, and limited control over acoustic behavior. Allogeneic and xenogeneic matrices can reduce the need to harvest the patient’s own tissue. Their use requires reliable processing, infection control, and reduced immunogenicity. Synthetic polymers offer greater control over scaffold geometry, mechanical properties, and degradation. However, they often require additional functionalization due to limited intrinsic bioactivity. Natural polymers, including hyaluronic acid, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, bacterial cellulose, and silk fibroin, can support cell–material interactions. Their independent use may be limited by swelling, limited mechanical integrity, and unstable degradation. Composite systems offer the broadest design space for future TM repair. They can combine bioactivity, mechanical reinforcement, degradation control, and acoustic tuning. However, no single material group is universally suitable. Future scaffolds should be thin, lightweight, cytocompatible, and infection-resistant, and have controlled mechanical properties. Clinical translation will require standardized biological, mechanical, and acoustic testing. It will also require data on long-term hearing outcomes and evidence of functional, not only anatomical, recovery.

Keywords
Allografts
Autografts
Biopolymers
Composite materials
Regenerative medicine
Synthetic polymers
Tissue engineering
Tympanic membrane perforation
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
References
  1. Anand S, Danti S, Moroni L, Mota C. Regenerative therapies for tympanic membrane. Prog Mater Sci. 2022;127:100942. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100942

 

  1. Afiadigwe EE, Obasikene G, Umeh US, Obah JU, Ukpai ND, Mbanuzuru AV. Traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane in a tertiary hospital in South-Eastern, Nigeria. Eur J Clin Med. 2022;3:1-4. doi: 10.24018/clinicmed.2022.3.5.213

 

  1. Efole UM, Okhakhu AL. Pattern of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in Benin city. J Med Women’s Assoc Niger. 2021;6(1):1-5. doi: 10.4103/jmwa.jmwa_1_21

 

  1. Nobus O, Parmentier L, Livens P, et al. The importance of mechanical and biological cues of tympanic membrane grafts to ensure optimal regeneration. Biomater Adv. 2024;159:213827. doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213827

 

  1. Volandri G, Di Puccio F, Forte P, Carmignani C. Biomechanics of the tympanic membrane. J Biomech. 2011;44(7):1219-1236. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.12.023

 

  1. Wang B, Xin T, Shen L, et al. Acoustic transmitted electrospun fibrous membranes for tympanic membrane regeneration. Chem Eng J. 2021;419:129536. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129536

 

  1. Mota C, Danti S, D’Alessandro D, et al. Multiscale fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds for tympanic membrane tissue engineering. Biofabrication. 2015;7(2):025005. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025005

 

  1. Daphalapurkar NP, Dai C, Gan RZ, Lu H. Characterization of the linearly viscoelastic behavior of human tympanic membrane by nanoindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2009;2(1):82-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.008

 

  1. Fay J, Puria S, Decraemer WF, Steele C. Three approaches for estimating the elastic modulus of the tympanic membrane. J Biomech. 2005;38(9):1807-1815. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.08.022

 

  1. Bevis N, Sackmann B, Effertz T, Lauxmann M, Beutner D. The impact of tympanic membrane perforations on middle ear transfer function. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(7):3399-3406. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-07078-9

 

  1. Kanemaru S, Umeda H, Kitani Y, Nakamura T, Hirano S, Ito J. Regenerative treatment for tympanic membrane perforation. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32(8):1218-1223. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822e0e53

 

  1. Sutton AE, Weimer AD. Tympanic membrane perforation. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

 

  1. Wahid FI, Nagra SR. Incidence and characteristics of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(5):1099-1103. doi: 10.12669/pjms.345.15300

 

  1. Saliba I, Abela A, Arcand P. Tympanic membrane perforation: Size, site and hearing evaluation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(4):527-531. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.01.012

 

  1. Kim YH, Lee DY, Lee DH, Oh S. Tympanic membrane perforation after intratympanic steroid injection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;166(2):249-259. doi: 10.1177/01945998211012300

 

  1. Seonwoo H, Kim SW, Kim J, et al. Regeneration of chronic tympanic membrane perforation using an EGF-releasing chitosan patch. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(17-18):2097-2107. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2012.0617

 

  1. Danti S, Mota C, D’alessandro D, et al. Tissue engineering of the tympanic membrane using electrospun PEOT/PBT copolymer scaffolds: A morphological in vitro study. Hear Balance Commun. 2015;13(4):133-147. doi: 10.3109/21695717.2015.1092372

 

  1. Teh BM, Marano RJ, Shen Y, Friedland PL, Dilley RJ, Atlas MD. Tissue engineering of the tympanic membrane. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2013;19(2):116-132. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0389

 

  1. Azimi B, Milazzo M, Danti S. Cellulose-based fibrous materials from bacteria to repair tympanic membrane perforations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:669863. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.669863

 

  1. Maharajan N, Cho GW, Jang CH. Application of mesenchymal stem cell for tympanic membrane regeneration by tissue engineering approach. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;133:109969. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.109969

 

  1. Ramaraju H, Verga AS, Steedley BJ, Kowblansky AP, Green GE, Hollister SJ. Investigation of the biodegradation kinetics and associated mechanical properties of 3D-printed polycaprolactone during long-term preclinical testing. Biomaterials. 2025;321:123257. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123257

 

  1. Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW. The return of a forgotten polymer-polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog Polym Sci. 2010;35(10):1217-1256. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002

 

  1. Bartnikowski M, Dargaville TR, Ivanovski S, Hutmacher DW. Degradation mechanisms of polycaprolactone in the context of chemistry, geometry and environment. Prog Polym Sci. 2019;96:1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.05.004

 

  1. Von Witzleben M, Stoppe T, Ahlfeld T, et al. Biomimetic tympanic membrane replacement made by melt electrowriting. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021;10(10):e2002089. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202002089

 

  1. Sainsbury E, Amaral RD, Blayney AW, Walsh RM, O’Brien FJ, O’Leary C. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for the repair of tympanic membrane perforations. Biomater Biosyst. 2022;6:100046. doi: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100046

 

  1. Shen Y, Redmond SL, Teh BM, et al. Scaffolds for tympanic membrane regeneration in rats. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(5-6):657-668. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2012.0053

 

  1. Svistushkin M, Kotova S, Zolotova A, et al. Collagen matrix to restore the tympanic membrane: Developing a novel platform to treat perforations. Polymers (Basel). 2024;16(2):248. doi: 10.3390/polym16020248

 

  1. Urík M, Tedla M, Hurník P. Pathogenesis of retraction pocket of the tympanic membrane-a narrative review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(5):425. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050425

 

  1. Langston M, Grobman A, Goncalves S, Angeli SI. Animal model of chronic tympanic membrane perforation. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2020;303(3):619-625. doi: 10.1002/ar.24220

 

  1. Yuan VG, Xia A, Santa Maria PL. Chronic suppurative otitis media: Disrupted host-microbial interactions and immune dysregulation. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1547206.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1547206

 

  1. Anju VT, Busi S, Imchen M, et al. Polymicrobial infections and biofilms: Clinical significance and eradication strategies. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(12):1731. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11121731

 

  1. Cheng T, Dai C, Gan RZ. Viscoelastic properties of human tympanic membrane. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35(2):305-314. doi: 10.1007/s10439-006-9227-0

 

  1. Luo H, Dai C, Gan RZ, Lu H. Measurement of young’s modulus of human tympanic membrane at high strain rates. J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(6):064501. doi: 10.1115/1.3118770

 

  1. Caminos L, Garcia-Manrique J, Lima-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Herrera A. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the human tympanic membrane and its influence on the dynamic behaviour of the human hearing system. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018;2018:1736957. doi: 10.1155/2018/1736957

 

  1. Jiang L, Cherif C, Wöltje M. Fibrous biomaterial scaffold for tympanic membrane repair: Microarchitectural engineering and structure function performance. J Funct Biomater. 2026;17(1):53. doi: 10.3390/jfb17010053

 

  1. Villar-Fernandez MA, Lopez-Escamez JA. Outlook for tissue engineering of the tympanic membrane. Audiol Res. 2015;5(1):117. doi: 10.4081/audiores.2015.117

 

  1. Immich APS, Pennacchi PC, Naves AF, et al. Improved tympanic membrane regeneration after myringoplastic surgery using an artificial biograft. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;73:48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.007

 

  1. Bento RF, Lessa MM, Chung D, Wiikmann C, Miniti A. Condutas Práticas Em Otologia. Brazil: Fundação Otorrinolaringologia; 2002.

 

  1. Sheehy JL, Anderson RG. Myringoplasty. A review of 472 cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1980;89(4 Pt 1):331-334. doi: 10.1177/000348948008900407

 

  1. Wang L, Han H, Wang J, et al. Finite element analysis of repairing tympanic membrane perforation using autologous graft material and biodegradable bionic cobweb scaffold. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2024;243:107868. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107868

 

  1. Nardone M, Sommerville R, Bowman J, Danesi G. Myringoplasty in simple chronic otitis media: Critical analysis of long-term results in a 1,000-adult patient series. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(1):48-53. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31823dbc26

 

  1. Yang T, Wu X, Peng X, Zhang Y, Xie S, Sun H. Comparison of cartilage graft and fascia in type 1 tympanoplasty: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(11):1085-1090. doi: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1195013

 

  1. Ferlito S, Fadda G, Lechien JR, et al. Type 1 tympanoplasty outcomes between cartilage and temporal fascia grafts: A long-term retrospective study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23):7000. doi: 10.3390/jcm11237000

 

  1. Hu YQ, Zou MZ, Sun H, et al. Tragus perichondrium-cartilage island and temporalis muscle fascia for repairing tympanic membrane perforation under the otoendoscope: A randomized controlled trial. Ear Nose Throat J. 2025;104(8):493-500. doi: 10.1177/01455613221130884

 

  1. Buckingham RA. Fascia and perichondrium atrophy in tympanoplasty and recurrent middle ear atelectasis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1992;101(9):755-758. doi: 10.1177/000348949210100907

 

  1. Jalali MM, Motasaddi M, Kouhi A, Dabiri S, Soleimani R. Comparison of cartilage with temporalis fascia tympanoplasty: A meta-analysis of comparative studies. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(9):2139-2148. doi: 10.1002/lary.26451

 

  1. Downey TJ, Champeaux AL, Silva AB. AlloDerm tympanoplasty of tympanic membrane perforations. Am J Otolaryngol. 2003;24(1):6-13. doi: 10.1053/ajot.2003.5

 

  1. Banashek-Meshcheriakova TV, Semenov FV. Primenenie allogennoi tverdoi mozgovoi obolochki (brefotkan’ tverdoi mozgovoi obolochki) pri khirurgicheskom lechenii retraktsionnykh karmanov barabannoi pereponki [Application of allogenous dural membrane (brefotissue DM) in surgical treatment of retraction pockets of the tympanic membrane]. Vestn Otorinolaringol. 2023;88(3):4-7. doi: 10.17116/otorino2022880314

 

  1. Joseph J, Ramesh P, Sayooj K, Unnikrishnan M, Unnikrishnan G. Functionalized polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin graft for the treatment of tympanic membrane perforations. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2025;113(1):e37818. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37818

 

  1. Muir VG, Burdick JA. Chemically modified biopolymers for the formation of biomedical hydrogels. Chem Rev. 2021;121(18):10908-10949. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00923

 

  1. Zou CY, Li QJ, Hu JJ, et al. Design of biopolymer-based hemostatic material: Starting from molecular structures and forms. Mater Today Bio. 2022;17:100468. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100468

 

  1. Sabu T, Preetha B, Sreekala MS, editors. Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers. United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing; 2018.

 

  1. Pourheydari-Barsari Z, Mirzadeh H, Farhadi M, Solouk A, Jalessi M. Antibacterial aligned nanofibrous chitosan/PVA patch for repairing chronic tympanic membrane perforations. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;253(Pt 1):126597. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126597

 

  1. Hussain Z, Pei R. Necessities, opportunities, and challenges for tympanic membrane perforation scaffolding-based bioengineering. Biomed Mater. 2021;16(3):032004. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/abcf5d

 

  1. Bayram A, Bayar Muluk N, Cingi C, Bafaqeeh SA. Success rates for various graft materials in tympanoplasty - a review. J Otol. 2020;15(3):107-111. doi: 10.1016/j.joto.2020.01.001

 

  1. Deshmukh PT, Khan FQ, Gaurkar SS. The reconstruction of tympanic membrane perforations using various biomaterials: A narrative review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2025;19(2):ME01-ME07. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2025/76668.20640

 

  1. Aleemardani M, Bagher Z, Farhadi M, et al. Can tissue engineering bring hope to the development of human tympanic membrane? Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2021;27(6):572-589. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0176

 

  1. Xue H, Chen S, Hu Y, Huang J, Shen Y. Advances in 3D printing for the repair of tympanic membrane perforation: A comprehensive review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024;12:1439499. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1439499

 

  1. Sultankulov B, Berillo D, Sultankulova K, Tokay T, Saparov A. Progress in the development of chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):470. doi: 10.3390/biom9090470

 

  1. Kim DK, Park SN, Yeo SW, et al. Clinical efficacy of fat-graft myringoplasty for perforations of different sizes and locations. Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131(1):22-26. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2010.499881

 

  1. Sharma C, Singh J, Kakkar V, Yadav SPS, Malik P, Bishnoi S. Fat graft myringoplasty in small central perforations. Indian J Otol. 2014;20(4):211-215. doi: 10.4103/0971-7749.146942

 

  1. Kim HC, Park KS, Yang HC, Jang CH. Surgical results and factors affecting outcome in patients with fat-graft myringoplasty. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024;103(7):442-446. doi: 10.1177/01455613211063243

 

  1. Gun T, Sozen T, Boztepe OF, Gur OE, Muluk NB, Cingi C. Influence of size and site of perforation on fat graft myringoplasty. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2014;41(6):507-512. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2014.08.004

 

  1. Fiorino F, Barbieri F. Fat graft myringoplasty after unsuccessful tympanic membrane repair. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264(10):1125-1128. doi: 10.1007/s00405-007-0323-z

 

  1. Hegazy H. Fat graft myringoplasty - a prospective clinical study. Egypt J Ear Nose Throat Allied Sci. 2013;14:91-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ejenta.2012.11.006

 

  1. Ozgursoy OB, Yorulmaz I. Fat graft myringoplasty: A cost-effective but underused procedure. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119(4):277-279. doi: 10.1258/0022215054020377

 

  1. Gün T, Boztepe OF, Atan D, İkincioğulları A, Dere H. Comparison of hyaluronic acid fat graft myringoplasty, fat graft myringoplasty and temporal fascia techniques for the closure of different sizes and sites of tympanic membrane perforations. J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(2):137-141. doi: 10.5152/iao.2016.1938

 

  1. Fouad YA, Abdelhady M, El-Anwar M, Merwad E. Topical platelet rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid during fat graft myringoplasty. Am J Otolaryngol. 2018;39(6):741-745. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.08.004

 

  1. Mandour MF, Tomoum M, Elsheikh MN, et al. Endoscopic fat graft myringoplasty augmented with hyaluronic acid for managing large-sized eardrum perforations; A prospective comparative randomised study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2025;50(2):288-294. doi: 10.1111/coa.14252

 

  1. Saliba I, Knapik M, Froehlich P, Abela A. Advantages of hyaluronic acid fat graft myringoplasty over fat graft myringoplasty. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(10):950-955. doi: 10.1001/archotol.2013.210

 

  1. Zhang ZG, Huang QH, Zheng YQ, Sun W, Chen YB, Si Y. Three autologous substitutes for myringoplasty: A comparative study. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32(8):1234-1238. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822f0ba7

 

  1. Wahid FI, Nagra SR. Tympanoplasty type-I using tragal perichondrium graft: Our experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(4):1076-1080. doi: 10.12669/pjms.35.4.421

 

  1. Mathur NN, Manimaran V, Deka A. A short term comparison of cartilage with temporalis fascia graft tympanoplasty in paediatric and adolescent population. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1069-1074. doi: 10.1007/s12070-017-1140-3

 

  1. Canale A, Boldreghini M, Abboud I, et al. Cartilage graft and temporal muscle fascia graft in revision myringoplasty: A comparison of anatomical and functional results with an innovative surgical technique. Front Neurol. 2025;15:1497162. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1497162

 

  1. Karataş M, Kaskalan E. Simultaneous bilateral butterfly tympanoplasty using tragal cartilage from one ear. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2019;46(3):324-329. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2018.09.007

 

  1. Yung M. Cartilage tympanoplasty: Literature review. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122(7):663-672. doi: 10.1017/S0022215108001813

 

  1. Shekharappa MK, Siddappa SM. Cartilage myringoplasty: An ideal grafting technique for complex perforations. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(7):MC06-MC08. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/26877.10264

 

  1. Indorewala S. Dimensional stability of free fascia grafts: Clinical application. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(2):278-282. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000154733.54152.54

 

  1. Ozbek C, Ciftçi O, Tuna EE, Yazkan O, Ozdem C. A comparison of cartilage palisades and fascia in type 1 tympanoplasty in children: Anatomic and functional results. Otol Neurotol. 2008;29(5):679-683. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31817dad57

 

  1. Trakimas DR, Ishai R, Ghanad I, et al. Otopathologic evaluation of temporalis fascia grafts following successful tympanoplasty in humans. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(10):E351-E358. doi: 10.1002/lary.27239

 

  1. Ahmed AKA, El-Maraghy AAA, El-Shiekh AM, Al-Latif SSA. Comparative study between temporalis fascia graft with platelet rich plasma or hyaluronic acid versus temporalis fascia graft alone in simple myringoplasty. Al-Azhar Med J. 2023;52(3):895-906. doi: 10.21608/amj.2023.315126

 

  1. Shrikrishna BH, Poornima Ramesh M. Comparitive study on impact of dry (rigid) versus wet (soft) graft on the outcome of type 1 tympanoplasty. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;74(Suppl 1):16-20. doi: 10.1007/s12070-019-01785-w

 

  1. Smith BD, Martin HL, Francis HW, Cunningham CD 3rd. Vein graft tympanoplasty: How a transiently used graft material transformed middle ear surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;166(2):334-336. doi: 10.1177/01945998211012292

 

  1. Coelho SB, Lopes WDS, Bezerra GAM, Araújo DF, Meira ASF, Caldas Neto SDS. Use of nasal mucosa graft in tympanoplasty. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;88(3):345-350. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.06.006

 

  1. Teh BM, Shen Y, Friedland PL, Atlas MD, Marano RJ. A review on the use of hyaluronic acid in tympanic membrane wound healing. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):23-36. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.634792

 

  1. Shen Y, Redmond SL, Teh BM, et al. Tympanic membrane repair using silk fibroin and acellular collagen scaffolds. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(8):1976-1982. doi: 10.1002/lary.23940

 

  1. Harvey EA, Hong W, Sheehy EJ, et al. Chronic tympanic membrane perforation repair with a collagen-based scaffold: An in vivo model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;176:111807. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111807

 

  1. Leal SS, Gusmão GOM, Uchôa VT, et al. Evaluation of how methacrylate gelatin hydrogel loaded with Ximenia americana L. Extract (steam bark) effects bone repair activity using rats as models. J Funct Biomater. 2023;14(9):438. doi: 10.3390/jfb14090438

 

  1. Hong P, Bance M, Gratzer PF. Repair of tympanic membrane perforation using novel adjuvant therapies: A contemporary review of experimental and tissue engineering studies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77(1):3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.09.022

 

  1. Akmammedov R, Huysal M, Isik S, Şenel M. Preparation and characterization of novel chitosan/zeolite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2018;67:110-118. doi: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1309539

 

  1. Kim JH, Choi SJ, Park JS, et al. Tympanic membrane regeneration using a water-soluble chitosan patch. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(1):225-232. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2009.0476

 

  1. Kim JH, Bae JH, Lim KT, et al. Development of water-insoluble chitosan patch scaffold to repair traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;90(2):446-455. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32119

 

  1. Gribinichenko T, Uspenskaya M, Snetkov P, Olekhnovich R. Bi-Layered Films Based on Sodium Hyaluronate and Chitosan as Materials for ENT Surgery. In: Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences. IEEE; 2022. p. 338-343. doi: 10.1109/IECBES54088.2022.10079697

 

  1. Widiyanti P, Angtika R, Githanadi B, Kharisma D, Asyraf T, Wardani A. Collagen-chitosan-glycerol bio-composite as artificial tympanic membrane for ruptured inner ear organ. J Phys Conf Ser. 2017;853:012029. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/853/1/012029

 

  1. Santa Maria PL. In response to: Regeneration of chronic tympanic membrane perforation using an EGF-releasing chitosan patch. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(19-20):2109-2110. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2013.0351

 

  1. Mohamady Hussein MA, Ulag S, Abo Dena AS, et al. Chitosan/ gold hybrid nanoparticles enriched electrospun PVA nanofibrous mats for the topical delivery of Punica granatum L. Extract: Synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:5133-5151. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S306526

 

  1. Danti S, Anand S, Azimi B, et al. Chitin nanofibril application in tympanic membrane scaffolds to modulate inflammatory and immune response. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(9):1440. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091440

 

  1. Danti S, Trombi L, Fusco A, et al. Chitin nanofibrils and nanolignin as functional agents in skin regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(11):2669. doi: 10.3390/ijms20112669

 

  1. Ilhan E, Ulag S, Sahin A, et al. Production of 3D-printed tympanic membrane scaffolds as a tissue engineering application. In: Rojas I, Valenzuela O, Rojas F, Herrera LJ, Ortuño F, editors. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics. Vol. 12108. Berlin: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 175-184. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45385-5_16

 

  1. Ilhan E, Ulag S, Sahin A, et al. Fabrication of tissue-engineered tympanic membrane patches using 3D-Printing technology. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021;114:104219. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104219

 

  1. Vasvani S, Kulkarni P, Rawtani D. Hyaluronic acid: A review on its biology, aspects of drug delivery, route of administrations and a special emphasis on its approved marketed products and recent clinical studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;151:1012-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.066

 

  1. Marcotti S, Maki K, Reilly GC, Lacroix D, Adachi T. Hyaluronic acid selective anchoring to the cytoskeleton: An atomic force microscopy study. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0206056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206056

 

  1. Marinho A, Nunes C, Reis S. Hyaluronic acid: A key ingredient in the therapy of inflammation. Biomolecules. 2021;11(10):1518. doi: 10.3390/biom11101518

 

  1. Brown MB, Jones SA. Hyaluronic acid: A unique topical vehicle for the localized delivery of drugs to the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(3):308-318. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01180.x

 

  1. Yasin A, Ren Y, Li J, Sheng Y, Cao C, Zhang K. Advances in hyaluronic acid for biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:910290. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.910290

 

  1. Yilmaz MS, Sahin E, Kaymaz R, et al. Histological study of the healing of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation after vivosorb and epifilm application. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(2):90-96. doi: 10.1177/0145561319854320

 

  1. Wong WK, Luu EH. What is the role of hyaluronic acid ester in myringoplasty? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(7):851-857. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002274

 

  1. Sayin I, Kaya KH, Ekizoğlu O, Erdim I, Kayhan FT. A prospective controlled trial comparing spontaneous closure and Epifilm® patching in traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(11):2857-2863. doi: 10.1007/s00405-012-2331-x

 

  1. Lou ZC. Effect of hyaluronic acid with or without scaffold material on the regeneration of tympanic membrane perforations. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(5):2353-2355. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4168-1

 

  1. Deng R, Fang Y, Shen J, et al. Effect of esterified hyaluronic acid as middle ear packing in tympanoplasty for adhesive otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol. 2018;138(2):105-109. doi: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1384057

 

  1. Sum R, Lau T, Paul E, Lau K. Gelfoam slurry tract occlusion after computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy: Does it prevent major pneumothorax? J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2021;65(6):678-685. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.13256

 

  1. Lipan MJ, Alava I, Abi-Hachem R, Vernon S, Van De Water TR, Angeli SI. Middle ear packing: Comparison of materials in an animal model of mucosal trauma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144(5):763-769. doi: 10.1177/0194599810395115

 

  1. Bagger-Sjöbäck D, Holmquist J, Mendel L, Mercke U. Hyaluronic acid in middle ear surgery. Am J Otol. 1993;14(5):501-506. doi: 10.1097/00129492-199309000-00016

 

  1. Gad H, Hashem H, Ismail M. Different grafts used in closure of central small tympanic membrane perforations. Benha J Appl Sci. 2021;6(3):129-135. doi: 10.21608/BJAS.2021.188817

 

  1. Kaur K, Singh H, Singh M. Repair of tympanic membrane perforation by topical application of 1% sodium hyaluronate. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;58(3):241-244. doi: 10.1007/BF03050829

 

  1. Chauvin K, Bratton C, Parkins C. Healing large tympanic membrane perforations using hyaluronic acid, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;121(1):43-47. doi: 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70122-1

 

  1. Güneri EA, Tekin S, Yilmaz O, et al. The effects of hyaluronic acid, epidermal growth factor, and mitomycin in an experimental model of acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforation. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24(3):371-376. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200305000-00004

 

  1. Abi Zeid Daou C, Bassim M. Hyaluronic acid in otology: Its uses, advantages and drawbacks - a review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(2):102375. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102375

 

  1. Lahiri D, Nag M, Dutta B, et al. Bacterial cellulose: Production, characterization, and application as antimicrobial agent. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23):12984. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312984

 

  1. Joseph A, Umamaheswari S, Vassou MC. Bacterial cellulose: A versatile biomaterial for biomedical application. Carbohydr Res. 2025;552:109350. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109350

 

  1. Kim J, Kim SW, Park S, et al. Bacterial cellulose nanofibrillar patch as a wound healing platform of tympanic membrane perforation. Adv Healthc Mater. 2013;2(11):1525-1531. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201200368

 

  1. Lin WC, Lien CC, Yeh HJ, Yu CM, Hsu SH. Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;94(1):603-611. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.076

 

  1. Swingler S, Gupta A, Gibson H, Kowalczuk M, Heaselgrave W, Radecka I. Recent advances and applications of bacterial cellulose in biomedicine. Polymers (Basel). 2021;13(3):412. doi: 10.3390/polym13030412

 

  1. De Oliveira Barud HG, Da Silva RR, Da Silva Barud H, et al. A multipurpose natural and renewable polymer in medical applications: Bacterial cellulose. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;153:406-420. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.059

 

  1. Chen C, Ding W, Zhang H, et al. Bacterial cellulose-based biomaterials: From fabrication to application. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;278:118995. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118995

 

  1. Svensson A, Nicklasson E, Harrah T, et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials. 2005;26(4):419-431. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049

 

  1. Qian H, Liu J, Wang X, et al. The state-of-the-art application of functional bacterial cellulose-based materials in biomedical fields. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;300:120252. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120252

 

  1. Biskin S, Damar M, Oktem SN, Sakalli E, Erdem D, Pakir O. A new graft material for myringoplasty: Bacterial cellulose. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(11):3561-3565. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-3959-8

 

  1. Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, et al. Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011;50(24):5438-5466. doi: 10.1002/anie.201001273

 

  1. Aleemardani M, Akbarnejad Z, Jalessi M, et al. Silk fibroin-gelatin films crosslinked by genipin for regenerating tympanic membrane perforations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024;95:105642. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105642

 

  1. Lujerdean C, Baci GM, Cucu AA, Dezmirean DS. The contribution of silk fibroin in biomedical engineering. Insects. 2022;13(3):286. doi: 10.3390/insects13030286

 

  1. Wang Y, Kim HJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Kaplan DL. Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2006;27(36):6064-6082. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.008

 

  1. Kasoju N, Bora U. Silk fibroin in tissue engineering. Adv Healthc Mater. 2012;1(4):393-412. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201200097

 

  1. Altman GH, Diaz F, Jakuba C, et al. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2003;24(3):401-416. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00353-8

 

  1. Levin B, Redmond SL, Rajkhowa R, Eikelboom RH, Atlas MD, Marano RJ. Utilising silk fibroin membranes as scaffolds for the growth of tympanic membrane keratinocytes, and application to myringoplasty surgery. J Laryngol Otol. 2013;127 Suppl 1:S13-S20. doi: 10.1017/S0022215112001661

 

  1. Zhao X, Zhang J, Tian P, Cui X. The latest progress of tympanic membrane repair materials. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43(5):103408. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103408

 

  1. Rostam-Alilou A, Jafari H, Zolfagharian A, Serjouei A, Bodaghi M. Using fibrincollagen composite hydrogel and silk for bio-inspired design of tympanic membrane grafts: A vibro-acoustic analysis. Composit Part C Open Access. 2021;6:100205. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100205

 

  1. Levin B, Rajkhowa R, Redmond SL, Atlas MD. Grafts in myringoplasty: Utilizing a silk fibroin scaffold as a novel device. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2009;6(6):653-664. doi: 10.1586/erd.09.47

 

  1. Ghassemifar R, Redmond S, Zainuddin, Chirila TV. Advancing towards a tissue-engineered tympanic membrane: Silk fibroin as a substratum for growing human eardrum keratinocytes. J Biomater Appl. 2010;24(7):591-606. doi: 10.1177/0885328209104289

 

  1. Nair NP, Alexander A, Abhishekh B, Hegde JS, Ganesan S, Saxena SK. Safety and efficacy of autologous platelet-rich fibrin on graft uptake in myringoplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;23(1):77-82. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1649495

 

  1. Rathnakara SH, Raju SR, Kumar R, Hegde G. Silk fibroin nanofiber scaffold (SFNS) as a graft material for myringoplasty- in vitro and in vivo. Materialia. 2022;26:101562. doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101562

 

  1. Prabhakaran MP, Venugopal J, Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Kai D, Jin G, Ramakrishna S. Stem cells and nanostructures for advanced tissue regeneration. In: Jayakumar R, Nair S, editors. Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanofibers. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 21-62. doi: 10.1007/12_2011_113

 

  1. Ahmad MI, Li Y, Pan J, et al. Collagen and gelatin: Structure, properties, and applications in food industry. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;254(Pt 3):128037. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128037

 

  1. Shi X, Li X, Tian Y, et al. Physical, mechanical, and biological properties of collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration: A comparative in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):510. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03223-4

 

  1. Basonbul RA, Cohen MS. Use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for pediatric endoscopic tympanic membrane repair. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;3(3):142-147. doi: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2017.09.001

 

  1. Yao X, Teh BM, Li H, et al. Acellular collagen scaffold with basic fibroblast growth factor for repair of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation in a rat model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;164(2):381-390. doi: 10.1177/0194599820938345

 

  1. Ma Y, Zhao H, Zhou X. Topical treatment with growth factors for tympanic membrane perforations: Progress towards clinical application. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122(6):586-599. doi: 10.1080/000164802320396259

 

  1. Huang J, Teh BM, Eikelboom RH, et al. The effectiveness of bFGF in the treatment of tympanic membrane perforations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(6):782-790. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002628

 

  1. Lou ZC, Lou ZH, Tang YM. Comparative study on the effects of EGF and bFGF on the healing of human large traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):E23-E28. doi: 10.1002/lary.25715

 

  1. Lou ZC, Lou ZH, Xiao J. Regeneration of the tympanic membrane using fibroblast growth factor-2. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(6):470-478. doi: 10.1017/S002221511800083X

 

  1. Li Shuo LY, Haolei HU, Jie Y, Tao X, Gang Y. Repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforation by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-loaded high-porosity polycaprolactone-collagen nanofiber membrane scaffolds. Chin J Tissue Eng Res. 2024;28(15):2371-2377. doi: 10.12307/2024.404

 

  1. Chanchal A, Vohra R, Elesela S, et al. Gelatin biopolymer: A journey from micro to nano. J Pharm Res. 2014;8:1387-1397.

 

  1. Tran DT, Chen FH, Wu GL, Ching PCO, Yeh ML. Influence of spin coating and dip coating with gelatin/hydroxyapatite for bioresorbable mg alloy orthopedic implants: In vitro and in vivo studies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023;9(2):705-718. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01122

 

  1. Li L, Du Y, Yin Z, et al. Preparation and the hemostatic property study of porous gelatin microspheres both in vitro and in vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2020;187:110641. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110641

 

  1. Mao J, Zhao L, De Yao K, Shang Q, Yang G, Cao Y. Study of novel chitosan-gelatin artificial skin in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2003;64(2):301-308. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10223

 

  1. Omae K, Kanemaru SI, Nakatani E, et al. Regenerative treatment for tympanic membrane perforation using gelatin sponge with basic fibroblast growth factor. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2017;44(6):664-671. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.12.005

 

  1. Lou ZC, Lou Z. Efficacy of EGF and gelatin sponge for traumatic tympanic membrane perforations: A randomized controlled study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(6):1028-1036. doi: 10.1177/0194599818792019

 

  1. Ji YB, Park JY, Kang Y, et al. Scaffold printing using biodegradable poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) ink: Printability, in vivo physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Mater Today Bio. 2021;12:100129. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100129

 

  1. Lv Y, Wu L, Yan J, et al. Antimicrobial poly (1,4-butylene carbonate): Preparation, characterization, and potential applications as a material for tympanic membrane repair. Heliyon. 2024;10(11):e31789. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31789

 

  1. Mathews MM. Polydioxanone: Applications in surgery and tissue engineering. In: Jayakumar R, Masson M, Gopal DV, editors. Synthetic Polymers in Drug and Biotherapeutics Delivery. Ch. 13. Netherlands: Woodhead Publishing; 2025. p. 315-334. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95233-0.00005-4

 

  1. Miele D, Nomicisio C, Musitelli G, et al. Design and development of polydioxanone scaffolds for skin tissue engineering manufactured via green process. Int J Pharm. 2023;634:122669. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122669

 

  1. Liening DA, McGath JH, McKinney L. Comparison of polydioxanone and silicone plastic in the prevention of adhesive otitis media in the Mongolian gerbil. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;112(2):303-307. doi: 10.1016/S0194-5998(95)70253-9

 

  1. Nagam Hanumantharao S, Rao S. Multi-functional electrospun nanofibers from polymer blends for scaffold tissue engineering. Fibers. 2019;7(7):66. doi: 10.3390/fib7070066

 

  1. Liu S, Huo Z, Zhang H, Hu Q, Ramalingam M. 3D printing‐assisted combinatorial approach for designing mechanically‐tunable and vascular supportive nanofibrous membranes to repair perforated eardrum. J Appl Polym Sci. 2020;138:50132. doi: 10.1002/app.50132

 

  1. Majumder P, Gangopadhyay R. Evolution of graphene oxide (GO)-based nanohybrid materials with diverse compositions: An overview. RSC Adv. 2022;12(9):5686-5719. doi: 10.1039/d1ra06731a

 

  1. Salerno-Goncalves R, Fasano A, Sztein MB. Engineering of a multicellular organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(2):e18-e20. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.062

 

  1. Ferreira ADBL, Nóvoa PRO, Marques AT. Multifunctional material systems: A state-of-the-art review. Compos Struct. 2016;151:3-35. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.028

 

  1. Shuai C, Peng B, Feng P, Yu L, Lai R, Min A. In situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods on graphene oxide nanosheets and their reinforcement in biopolymer scaffold. J Adv Res. 2021;35:13-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.009

 

  1. Feng P, Shen S, Yang L, Kong Y, Yang S, Shuai C. Vertical and uniform growth of MoS2 nanosheets on GO nanosheets for efficient mechanical reinforcement in polymer scaffold. Virtual Phys Prototy. 2023;18(1):e2115384. doi: 10.1080/17452759.2022.2115384

 

  1. Feng P, Shen S, Shuai Y, Peng S, Shuai C, Chen S. PLLA grafting draws GO from PGA phase to the interface in PLLA/PGA bone scaffold owing enhanced interfacial bonding. Sustain Mater Technol. 2023;35:e00566. doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00566

 

  1. Milazzo M, Danti S, Livens P, Dirckx J, Scaffaro R, Gammino M. Electrospun graphene oxide/polymeric nanocomposites for eardrum replacements. Compos Commun. 2024;51:102048. doi: 10.1016/j.coco.2024.102048

 

  1. Godinho B, Gama N, Ferreira A. Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:1033827. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033827

 

  1. Sundback CA, McFadden J, Hart A, et al. Behavior of poly(glycerol sebacate) plugs in chronic tympanic membrane perforations. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2012;100(7):1943-1954. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.32761

 

  1. Wieland AM, Sundback CA, Hart A, Kulig K, Masiakos PT, Hartnick CJ. Poly(glycerol sebacate)-engineered plugs to repair chronic tympanic membrane perforations in a chinchilla model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;143(1):127-133. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.01.025

 

  1. Vicente J, Ramírez-Camacho R, Trinidad A, Ramón García-Berrocal J, Lobo D, Pinilla M. Anti-adhesive properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (gore-tex) in middle ear surgery. An experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006;126(2):144-148. doi: 10.1080/00016480500312570

 

  1. Feenstra L, Kohn FE, Feyen J. The concept of an artificial tympanic membrane. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1984;9(4):215-220. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1984.tb01500.x

 

  1. Boyadzhieva S, Sorg K, Danner M, et al. A self-adhesive elastomeric wound scaffold for sensitive adhesion to tissue. Polymers (Basel). 2019;11(6):942. doi: 10.3390/polym11060942

 

  1. Kozin ED, Black NL, Cheng JT, et al. Design, fabrication, and in vitro testing of novel three-dimensionally printed tympanic membrane grafts. Hear Res. 2016;340:191-203. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.03.005

 

  1. Rostam-Alilou AA, Jafari H, Zolfagharian A, Serjouei A, Bodaghi M. Experimentally validated and vibro-acoustic modeling of 3D bio-printed grafts for potential use in human tympanic membrane regeneration. Bioprinting. 2022;25:e00186. doi: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00186

 

  1. Kasravi M, Ahmadi A, Babajani A, et al. Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: A bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomater Res. 2023;27(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40824-023-00348-z

 

  1. Zheng-Cai L, Zi-Han L. The short- and long-term adverse effects of FGF-2 on tympanic membrane perforations. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018;38(3):264-272. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-1480
Share
Back to top
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept