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REVIEW

Advancements in metallic biodegradable implants: Materials, mechanisms, and clinical potential

Solange Amigues1 ,  Firas Awaja1*
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1 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
BMT, 251 https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.25.00251
Submitted: 9 December 2025 | Revised: 2 April 2026 | Accepted: 21 April 2026 | Published: 29 July 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Biomaterials Translational, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en)
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Abstract

Biodegradable metallic implants represent a revolutionary approach in medical device technology, offering a temporary support that gradually degrades in the body, eliminating the need for secondary removal surgeries. Traditional permanent metallic implants, while effective, can cause long-term complications, including corrosion, immune responses, and mechanical stress, that can compromise patient outcomes. This comprehensive review examines the present state of metallic biodegradable implants, focusing on material developments, degradation mechanisms, biological interactions, clinical applications, and challenges hindering widespread clinical adoption. A systematic analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on experimental studies, clinical trials, and review articles on biodegradable metallic implants, with an emphasis on magnesium-, zinc-, and iron-based alloys. Magnesium-based alloys demonstrate excellent biocompatibility but face challenges due to rapid degradation. Zinc-based alloys show more moderate degradation but insufficient mechanical strength for load-bearing applications. Iron-based alloys provide superior mechanical properties but degrade too slowly and may produce concerning byproducts. Recent advances in surface engineering, alloy development, and manufacturing techniques show promise in addressing these limitations. Biodegradable metallic implants hold significant potential to transform medical care, particularly in orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. However, material optimization, standardization of degradation profiles, and comprehensive long-term clinical studies are needed before widespread clinical adoption can be achieved.

Keywords
Biodegradable implants
Magnesium alloys
Zinc alloys
Iron alloys
Biodegradation
Biomaterials
Medical devices
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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