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REVIEW
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Nanoparticles and their effects on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Xing Yang1,2 ,  Yuanyuan Li3 ,  Xujie Liu4 ,  Wei He5 ,  Qianli Huang6 ,  Qingling Feng2*
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1 China Institute of Marine Technology and Economy, Beijing, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
3 Department of Stomatology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
4 School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
5 School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
6 State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
BMT 2020 , 1(1), 58–68; https://doi.org/10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112X.2020.01.006
Submitted: 16 March 2020 | Revised: 30 June 2020 | Accepted: 21 August 2020 | Published: 28 December 2020
Copyright © 2020 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Over the past decades, advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology have resulted in numerous nanomedicine platforms. Various nanoparticles, which exhibit many unique properties, play increasingly important roles in the field of biomedicine to realize the potential of nanomedicine. Due to the capacity of self-renewal and multilineage mesenchymal differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in the area of regenerative medicine and in clinical applications due to their potential to differentiate into various lineages. There are several factors that impact the differentiation of MSCs into different lineages. Many types of biomaterials such as polymers, ceramics, and metals are commonly applied in tissue engineering and regenerative therapies, and they are continuously refined over time. In recent years, along with the rapid development of nanotechnology and nanomedicine, nanoparticles have been playing more and more important roles in the fields of biomedicine and bioengineering. The combined use of nanoparticles and MSCs in biomedicine requires greater knowledge of the effects of nanoparticles on MSCs. This review focuses on the effects of four inorganic or metallic nanoparticles (hydroxyapatite, silica, silver, and calcium carbonate), which are widely used as biomaterials, on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. In this review, the cytotoxicity of these four nanoparticles, their effects on osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and the signalling pathways or transcription factors involved are summarized. In addition, the chemical composition, size, shape, surface area, surface charge and surface chemistry of nanoparticles, have been reported to impact cellular behaviours. In this review, we particularly emphasize the influence of their size on cellular responses. We envision our review will provide a theoretical basis for the combined application of MSCs and nanoparticles in biomedicine.

Keywords
adipogenic differentiation
mesenchymal stem cells
nanoparticles
osteogenic differentiation
tissue engineering
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
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