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REVIEW
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Milk protein-based hydrogels: development and biomedical applications

Juxin Pei1 ,  Qinchao Zhu1 ,  Yang Zhu2 ,  Chengchen Guo3 ,  Teresa G. Valencak1 ,  Shi-Yang Tang4,5 ,  Tanchen Ren6* ,  Daxi Ren1,7*
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1 Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
2 MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular, Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
3 School of, Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
4 School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South, Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
5 School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
6 Department of Cardiology, of The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Heart Regeneration and Repair Key Laboratory of Zhejiang, Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
7 Xinjiang Agricultural University-Zhejiang University Joint Research, Center for Feed and Quality Livestock and Poultry Products, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
BMT 2025 , 6(2), 127–150; https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.24.00071
Submitted: 17 October 2024 | Revised: 10 December 2024 | Accepted: 21 April 2025 | Published: 25 June 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Hydrogels are an advanced class of biomaterials with similar properties to living tissues. Several polymers have been investigated for the preparation of hydrogels that closely mimic the structural and functional properties of the extracellular matrix. Proteins with easily modifiable functional groups, specific biochemical effects, and sensitivity to external stimuli are promising candidates for the preparation of hydrogels for biomedical applications. Among them, natural milk proteins, due to their high yield, high-quality control, low cost, and certain biological properties, have become a major focus of research. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews focusing specifically on milk protein-based hydrogels. Here, we synthesise the developments in milk protein-based hydrogels, focusing primarily on hydrogels derived from milk proteins. We described the methods used to construct milk protein-based hydrogels and summarised advances in representative applications of milk protein-based hydrogels, such as controlled delivery and regenerative medicine, as well as related preclinical animal experiments and an exploratory clinical pilot study. Finally, we discuss the prospects of milk protein-based hydrogels in biomedical applications. We anticipate that this review will serve as a theoretical basis for the biomedical use of milk proteins and provide a reference for their continued development.

Keywords
Biomedical application
Construction method
Hydrogel
Milk protein
Funding
This work was financially supported by the “Pioneer” and “Leading Goose” R&D Program of Zhejiang (No. 2024C03074), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82470524), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 226-2024-00147), State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices (No. 012024013), and Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study (No. SN-ZJU-SIAS-004).
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no commercial or affiliated interests that represent a conflict of interest in association with this article.
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