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REVIEW
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Design strategy primer for organ-on-chips

Ting Cao1,2,3# ,  Peicheng Xu3,4# ,  Chen Yang3 ,  Yu Chen1,2 ,  Yongcheng Wang1,5* ,  Jiayu Zhang6* ,  Fangfu Ye3,7*
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1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
2 Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
3 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
4 Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
5 Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
6 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
7 Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
BMT 2025 , 6(3), 250–264; https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.24.00070
Submitted: 14 October 2024 | Revised: 12 November 2024 | Accepted: 22 April 2025 | Published: 22 September 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) has emerged as a revolutionary technique in recent decades, capable of replicating essential aspects of physiological and pathophysiological processes of human organs in vitro. Serving as an effective tissue culture method for creating digital twins, OoCs show significant promise and have found applications in disease modelling, drug screening, and tissue engineering. However, there has been a lack of emphasis on the fundamental design principles of OoCs in existing literature, a crucial aspect that cannot be overlooked, especially for beginners venturing into the realm of OoCs. Therefore, this paper endeavors to provide a comprehensive overview by delving into the historical development of OoCs, outlining the characteristics of their scaffolds, presenting design strategies for both conceptualisation and fabrication processes, and offering a detailed description of design mechanisms and guidelines based on recent research publications. Furthermore, it explores future prospects and challenges within the OoC domain. Serving as a foundational guide for those new to OoC exploration, this paper aims to furnish a thorough introduction to the fabrication and design strategies employed in OoCs.

Keywords
Design strategies
Guideline
Organ-on-a-chip
Scaffold characteristics
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFA1405002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12325405, T2221001, 32400074) and Seed Funding of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (No. BQD2319).
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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