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REVIEW
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Nanoformulation-assisted early diagnosis of prostate cancer: Advances and perspectives

Zhiyuan Zhou1,2,3# ,  Mingyu Chang1,2# ,  Jingcheng Lyu1,2# ,  Jianhua Zhao3 ,  Zongwei Wang4 ,  Fengbo Zhang5* ,  Yinong Niu1,2* ,  Boyu Yang1,2*
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1 Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2 Institute of Urology, Beijing Municipal Health Commission, Beijing, China
3 Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
4 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
5 Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
BMT 2025 , 6(3), 232–249; https://doi.org/10.12336/bmt.24.00077
Submitted: 23 October 2024 | Revised: 31 December 2024 | Accepted: 25 February 2025 | Published: 22 September 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 License.
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Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men worldwide. Owing to late diagnosis, the mortality rate associated with prostate cancer remains relatively high. Traditional diagnostic methods are, in most cases, unfriendly to patients or have diagnostic lag defects. Further diagnosis requires prostate biopsy. The most common biomarker is prostate-specific antigen, which is quantified as the content of the prostate health index to describe the risk of prostate cancer. Traditional biochemical analysis methods are costly, time-consuming, and lack specificity. They are also limited by the detection range, preventing high sensitivity. The exploration of novel biomarkers has identified several promising alternatives. The development of integrated nanomaterial technology provides a feasible potential method for the rapid, sensitive and non-invasive determination of these biological markers and assists in the optimisation of imaging diagnosis, which is expected to solve the current challenges in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. This paper reviews the advances in the diagnostic screening and imaging of prostate cancer using nanostructure-based biofunctional sensors, probes and contrast agents such as gold nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, and magnetic nanoparticles. It also highlights the potential of emerging paradigms in nanoarchitectonics to definitive cancer diagnosis.

Keywords
Diagnosis
Nanoparticles
Prostate cancer
Prostate-specific antigen
Funding
This work was supported by the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program (No. PX2025071), the Youth Elite Program of Beijing Friendship Hospital (No. YYQCJH2023-1), the Training Fund for Open Projects at Clinical Institutes and Departments of Capital Medical University (No. CCMU2024ZKYXY017), the Talent Development Plan for the Future in Medical-Engineering Integration by the Beijing Research Association for Chronic Diseases Control and Health Education (BRA-CDCHE) and Zhongguancun Talent Association (ZTA) (No. MBRC0012025016), the Science and Technology Special Program of Xicheng District, Beijing (No. XCSTS-T12024-09), the Beijing Key Clinical Specialty Project (No. 20240930), and Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST (No. YESS20240410).
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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